For two summer during high school, instead of joining her classmates on the beach, Noura Ghazawi got internal training in the hall of her hometown of Burgito Santo Spirito, on the coast of Legorian.
But when she tried to apply for a job there at the age of 19, she found herself not qualified because, like hundreds of thousands of children born to immigrants in Italy, she was unable to obtain Italian citizenship.
“I feel Italian, and I think the Italian language, I dream of Italian,” said Ms. Ghazwi in Italian Italian Leguri. “But I am not recognized in my country.”
For generations, European countries have mostly used blood breeds to determine citizenship. The United States was an exception in the West as one of the last countries to grant citizenship unconditionally to anyone born there.
President Trump, who seeks to end the citizenship born to children born in American -born immigrants, and who will temporarily work the judge last week, will approach the United States one step from Italy and other European countries.
But the increasing numbers of immigrants in the United States and Europe have led to discussions on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean about whether national grant systems need to be updated in some way, either moderate or tightening.
Each approach – known as “Jus Sanguinis”, or the right of blood, and “Jus Soli”, or the right of the soil – has its critics, and the two countries have increasingly sought to balance the two.
Since the eighties of the last century, Britain and Ireland (as well as Australia and New Zealand), which still has unconditional nationality, have moved in a similar direction in what Mr. Trump chose and restricted.
But others, like Germany, went in the other direction, making it easier for people born to immigrants to obtain citizenship. Supporters say this shift shook his head to the changing facts of a country where one in four people comes from a migrant background.
“Citizenship is a politically disputed issue,” said Martin Fink, co -director of the International Citizenship Observatory. “When it changes, it reflects the result of political conflict.”
Tighten war in Europe
In Europe, the nationality of the blood line helped maintain relations with citizens who leave the country and their grandchildren. But most countries in Europe also offer a form of citizenship in the field of birth, although they are usually with difficult restrictions.
In Europe, citizenship was sometimes mixed with dangerous concepts of racism and ethnic purity, especially in colonial times and during the Nazi era, when the Hitler Jewish regime was stripped of their nationality before killing them.
Today’s support is not found to reduce citizenship access to immigrants, as well as secure the border, only on the far right. However, the arguments were harnessed by some extremist right -wing forces, which talk about the need to preserve the cultural and ethnic identity.
“We must stop immigrant flows,” Jordan Barilla, head of the right -wing National Rally in France, He said earlier this month. “Many French, including some of the origin of immigrants, no longer admitted to France and no longer recognized the country where they grew up.”
Mr. Bartella party wants to cancel the law that allows the country’s children born in the country to apply for citizenship in 18 years, as long as they meet the minimum residence requirements.
Demiri Kochinov, a professor at the University of Central Europe and author of the book “Citizenship” is often described as a means of belonging, was a strong way to exclude. The book “Citizenship“
“Citizenship has been used by the state to distort certain groups,” said Mr. Kochinov.
Italian example
In the previous centuries, Italy was the poorest in Italy a country, including millions of citizens abroad, most of them to the Americas, in search of a better life. The bases of generous citizenship helped the Citizenship line in Italy in keeping a link with the diaspora.
Even today, churches and city halls throughout Italy are requests from Argentina, Brazilians and Americans who are entitled to demand citizenship through the remote Italian origin. (Recently, President Javier Millie from Argentina has obtained Italian citizenship.)
But Italy has turned in recent decades of land in which people migrate into a land receiving large numbers of immigrants. While Italy changed, the law of citizenship was not.
Italy does not give citizenship to immigrant children who have a legal status in the country. The children of immigrants born in Italians can apply for citizenship until after they are 18 years old; They have one year of progress and must prove that they lived in Italy all the time.
Mrs. Ghazwi, who spent part of her childhood in Morocco, was excluded from her parents. Now, 34, an employee of a company providing marine supplies, has an Italian husband and an Italian child, and he applied for citizenship on the basis of long residency in the country.
She said, “I am the only one in the non -Italian home and it was not recognized.”
While the general health care system in Italy does not distinguish between citizens and non -citizens, the children of the second generation of immigrants face many obstacles. About 600,000 children are born to immigrants studying in Italian schools. They often knew any country other than Italy, but without any claim of citizenship, their lives are complicated.
Many cannot travel throughout Europe on school trips, and they must miss the school or renew their residence permits. They also say they are constantly reminded that they are different from their classmates. Many adults born in Italians in the same position.
“The dancer becomes the basis for your life,” said Sony Olaments, 38, a dancer and dance designer who was born in Rome for Nigerian fathers, and still does not have an Italian nationality. “You create a sense of not overcoming.”
Italy leaders support the law as currently. “Italy has a great citizenship law.”
Mrs. Meloni says, if the migrants return to their countries. She also said she had higher priorities than changing the law of citizenship.
Despite the position of the government, popular root associations proposed a referendum that would reduce the period of uninterrupted residence in Italy needed to become an Italian citizen for five years from 10 years. The vote is scheduled to occur in the spring.
“This law no longer represents the true Italy,” said Alba Lala, 27, Konji Minister, a group representing new Italian generations. “It is completely old.”
He achieved birth in a modern era?
Some critics say the same about unconditional nationality.
About 20 percent of countries use, most of which are in North and South America. The United States and Canada inherited law from Britain, but the citizenship achieved by birth also achieved an important role in newly independent countries as a way to form a nation.
Like those who prefer citizenship on the blood line, birth advocates say it enhances social cohesion, but for a different reason – because no child is left.
In the United States, the fourteenth amendment of African men and women allowed them to become citizens, and millions of children of Irish, German immigrants and others also became citizens.
But unconditional citizenship is still an exception.
“In a world of tremendous immigration and irregular migration, the unconditional Jos Souli is a historical paradox.”
However, some argue that the Trump administration does not start to update a law, but instead tries to redefine the nation itself.
“It rejects the idea of America as a state of immigrants,” said Hiroshi Motomora, an expert on immigration and citizenship at the University of California, Los Angeles, Law College.
Even under the current rules in the United States, the newborn citizenship is not absolute. For example, the children of diplomats born in the United States are excluded. Most of the children of American citizens born abroad maintain an automatic right to American citizenship – in fact, citizens are on the blood line.
Mr. Fink said that citizenship is a good way to communicate with people who live outside the borders of the state. ” “But if you want to make sure that you are also comprehensive within the borders of the state, you must also have the right to regional access.”
Otherwise, he said that the countries will have millions of residents who are not citizens.
He said: “In democracy, this is not a good principle.”
Christopher F. Shawitz It contributed to the reports from Berlin, and Aurelien PREDEREN From Paris.
